Faktor-Faktor Risiko yang Berhubungan dengan Cedera Tertusuk Jarum pada Perawat: Tinjauan Literatur
Abstract
Cedera tertusuk jarum (Needle Stick Injury/NSI) adalah cedera yang berisiko menularkan patogen darah seperti hepatitis B, hepatitis C, dan HIV, serta menjadi ancaman bagi tenaga kesehatan, khususnya perawat di fasilitas kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor risiko NSI pada perawat melalui tinjauan literatur sistematis. Metode yang diterapkan merujuk pada pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), dengan pencarian artikel melalui PubMed, Google Scholar, dan DOAJ. Seleksi artikel dilakukan berdasarkan kriteria inklusi untuk memastikan relevansi, sementara kualitas artikel dievaluasi menggunakan alat penilaian dari Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Dari 8 artikel yang dianalisis, ditemukan bahwa faktor risiko NSI pada perawat dipengaruhi oleh manajemen yang kurang optimal, seperti minimnya pedoman pencegahan, pelatihan, dan alat pelindung diri (APD), serta rendahnya kepemimpinan dan partisipasi manajerial. Faktor individu seperti stres kerja, pengetahuan terbatas, dan sikap yang tidak mendukung keselamatan juga berperan. Beban kerja tinggi dan lingkungan kerja berisiko, seperti ruang gawat darurat, meningkatkan peluang cedera. Tindakan tidak aman dan kondisi kerja buruk, seperti mencabut jarum setelah injeksi dan kebersihan yang rendah, menjadi penyebab langsung cedera. Risiko cedera tertusuk jarum pada perawat dipengaruhi oleh manajemen yang lemah, kurangnya pelatihan dan APD, stres kerja, rendahnya pengetahuan, sikap yang tidak mendukung keselamatan, beban kerja tinggi, serta tindakan tidak aman dan kondisi kerja yang buruk.
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